Who Were the Roman Magistrates

The Roman Senate was a political institution whose members were appointed by consuls, the chairmen of the Senate.  The founder of Rome, Romulus, was known to create the first Senate of 100 members. The wealthy class first led the early Roman Senate and were also known as patricians.  The Senate heavily influenced the government and public opinion during this time, and the goal of the Senate was to give reason and balance to the Roman state and its citizens. The Roman Senate was located at The Curia Julia, with connections to Julius Caesar, and is still standing today. During the period of the Roman Republic, Roman magistrates were elected officials in ancient Rome who took over the power (and divided into increasingly smaller bits) that had been wielded by the king. Roman magistrates held power, either in the form of imperium or potestas, military or civil, that might be limited to either inside or outside the city of Rome. Becoming a Member of the Roman Senate Most of the magistrates were held accountable for any misdeeds while in office when their terms came to an end. Many of the magistrates became members of the Roman Senate by virtue of having held office. Most magistrates were elected for the period of a single year and were members of a collegium of at least one other magistrate in the same category; that is, there were two consuls, 10 tribunes, two censors, etc., although there was only one dictator who was appointed by members of the Senate for the period of no more than six months. The Senate, comprised of patricians, were the ones who voted for the consuls. Two men were elected and only served for one year to avoid corruption. Consuls  were also unable to be re-elected for more than 10 years to prevent tyranny. Before re-election, a specified period had to elapse. Candidates for an office were expected to have held lower ranked offices previously, and there were age requirements, as well. The Title of the Praetors In the Roman republic, the Praetors title was granted by the government to the commander of an army or elected magistrate.  Praetors had privileges to act as judges or jurors in civil or criminal trials and were able to sit on various administrations of the court.  In the later Roman era, the responsibilities were changed to a municipal role as treasurer. Benefits of Upper Roman Class As a senator, you were able to wear a toga with a Tyrian purple stripe, unique shoes, a special ring and other fashionable items that came with additional benefits.  A representation of the Ancient Roman, the toga was important in society as it denoted power and upper social class.  Togas were only to be worn by the most notable citizens, and the lowest workers, slaves, and foreigners were unable to wear them. Reference: A History of Rome up to 500 A.D., by Eustace Miles

Is The Real Psychology Behind Bullying - 1683 Words

Introduction: Bullying has been a huge part of a student’s life since school began in the 12th century, maybe even before. But, what creates bullies? For many years it has been thought of that bullies were students with low self-esteem. However, new information has shown up showing that bullies tend to be the ones with the highest self-esteem and are the most popular students and are living a great life with no large problems. So, what is the real psychology behind bullying? Why does this continue? The answer is simple, bullying affects students giving them a lower self-esteem, less confidence, and even thoughts of suicide. Bullies are a their own breed of people as their brains have been wired differently. It has not only been shown to have effects physically, but also mentally. Background: So, why does this need to be researched? How does this affect the life of humans? Simply put, the reactions to bullying needs to be researched because it is the only way to protect the future generations and keep them in the right mental state and make sure the world does not lose any possible great minds to a child who thinks they are just having fun when putting down other people. By researching the reactions of bullying one can determine how to fix the situations by making the students, parents, and the general public have a better reaction to bullying that occurs within the community. Another reason that bullying needs to researched is that bullying has many risks â€Å"For example,Show MoreRelatedSocial Control And Criminal Deviance820 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Control and Criminal Deviance: Bullying Darryl Gennie Professor Catherine Terry SOC 100 Augusta 17 August 2015 Strayer University The most important step needed to analyze bullying is to review the existing knowledge. 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Journal Entry African American Free Essays

Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group Member June 18th, 1963 Hello my precious unborn child. I am not really sure where to begin. The doctor is saying that I might not make it through this pregnancy but they will make sure you live to see this crazy world that we live in. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal Entry African American or any similar topic only for you Order Now I want to make sure that you understand your history and where you come from! What a journey our family has been through. They just don’t make it easy for an African American Family. Here we are and we have struggled just to make it here to the Deep South. We settled here in Ole Miss just like lots of other black folks and you would think that after they freed us from slavery they could just leave us be. I guess I should tell you a little about who we are and what we have been through so you have a clearer understanding. Well it started when we got here. Brought over on ships, our family was slaves to the white folk right here in Mississippi. There have always been stories told. Why, I remember when I was a little girl my grandma telling us the story of Nat Turner. (1998) He went on a rebellion right here in the South. He was on a mission fighting for what he believed in. He may not have gone about it the right way but he fought until his death on October 30, 1831. After that it seemed to be one person after the next until finally Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This was issued in 1863. (1998)This was a valiant attempt at freeing the slaves here in the United States but it technically only freed slaves in the states that were under the jurisdiction of the Confederacy. You would think that would make things better. Nope! There was a 12 year period after that that they worked hard on trying to make things fair for us. Your great-great-grandma was around through the reconciliation period. She said that we were finally awarded citizenship and in 1870 an amendment went in that stated you could not deny us the right to vote because of our race. (1998) My great-Grandma told us that just when things started looking up†¦It got worse. The Democrats came in and changed everything. They started doing every thing that they could to put us back to having no rights. But we as a race stayed as strong as we could. What you have to remember is that making our way in this world has been and remains a consistent struggle. We made leeway though! A young lady buy the name of Sophia Packard and Harriet Giles were able to establish a college for the â€Å"Negros† as the white folk like to call us. This was the first college for African American females. Spelman College’s goal at the time was merely to teach black women to read and write. And that they have done. But here I sit in 1963. A 33 year old female who isn’t sure what is going to be in her future. They call us free. I have to ask myself daily though, â€Å"Am I really free? † I mean we have separate schools. We eat in separate restaurants. 2010) They give us totally different bathrooms to use and all this is because of the color of my skin. I look at this world and I think to myself, â€Å"I put my clothes on the exact same way as everyone else. † Should the color of our skin really make things so much different for us? Every single day we have leaders out there fighting for what is fair and what is right. Take M artin Luther King for instance. (2007) He is on a mission. He is part of a group called the SCLC. (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) He has made major strides. I mean in Montgomery Alabama the black folks get to ride on the same buses with the same rights as the white folks. I can only hope that by the time that you grow up and are able to read and understand all this that you look at all this and have a hard time believing it. As I sit here and write to you and I look across the street of this tiny little home I live in I see the neighbors and in their front yard is a cross that someone has lit on fire. Why, because today he walked a white girl to school. Rumors started and now everyone knows that this little girl likes him. Yet he is being punished for it. It shouldn’t matter. If there is one thing that you need to know and one thing that I can teach you through this letter it is to be you. Know yourself. Never let anyone tell you that you can not do something. Most importantly, remember that loves has no boundaries. It sees no color. It does not understand hate. It does not segregate nor does it discriminate. I hope that you never have to endure the hardships that we have to endure during these trying times. Always remember to live with no regrets and never look back! I love you with all my heart- Momma Works Citied Page African American Slavery (1998) Long Island University Retrieved from http://www. liu. edu/cwis/CWP/library/aaslavry. htm#turner Timeline Search for African American History (2010) Google Search Engine http://www. google. com/search? q=african+american+historyhl=ensa=Xtbo=ptbs=tl:1,tll:1850,tlh:1899ei=lrPUS9avLoK78gbfpL3qDwoi=timeline_histogram_navct=timeline-histogramcd=8ved=0CIcBEMkBKAg History of African Americans Information Please Database. (2007) Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved from http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmtimeline. html How to cite Journal Entry African American, Papers

Tourette Syndrome Symptoms, Causes, and Genetics Essay Example For Students

Tourette Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Genetics Essay Usually, the first symptoms of Tourette Syndrome are facial tics, commonly eye blinking. Other facial tics include nose twitching and grimaces. The next tic to appear will usually be some other minor motor tic such as foot stomping, head jerking, neck stretching, or body twisting and bending. Affected individuals may also have a vocal tic such as clearing their throat, coughing, grunting, sniffing, yelping, barking, or shouting. Few Tourette Syndrome patients also experience coperlalia-the uttering of inappropriate or obscene words or phrases. They also may repeat words they hear others saying (echolalia). Some individuals touch people or repeat actions in an obsessive manner. Very rarely, patients demonstrate self-harming behavior such as head banging, and lip or cheek biting; only patients with severe TS exhibit such behaviors. Tics are random, changing in severity, number, frequency, type, and location. Oftentimes, symptoms will subside for weeks or even months at a time and later reappear. Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder in which too much or too little dopamine is produced in the brain. Too much dopamine causes hyperactivity. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter used in the substantia nigra and striatum which are important for movement. Other systems which can be effected by dopamine send axons from the midbrain to the forebrain, including the cerebral cortex. Recent research has shown that TS may also be an abnormality in the genes affecting the brains metabolism of neurotransmitters in general. Tourette Syndrome is a highly penetrant, sex influenced autosomal dominant trait that can cause different symptoms in different family members. If the offspring that carries the TS gene is male, his risk of developing symptoms is three to four times higher. In few cases, TS is sporadic and the cause is unknown. The exact chromosome or gene that causes TS is unknown, but we know it follows Mendelian inheritance and ratios. Through segregation analysis it has been found that TS was a intermediate mode of inheritance; meaning that the heterozygotes penetrance were not as severe as TS homozygotes. Finding the protein that causes TS may be one of the key ways in identifying the genome that codes for the enzyme causing TS. Bibliography 1.http://content. nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/315/16/993 2.http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/tourette_syndrome. htm#symptoms 3.http://www.alumni.ca/laued3e/inheritance.html .